Academic Literature the Journal of Social Sciences Researches, Year 2026 Issue Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Conquest and The Conqueror in EdmondoDe Amicis’ Istanbul

Elif DERVİŞOĞLU — 2026-04-30

The Italian traveler Edmondo De Amicis’s work “Istanbul” has an important place among the examples of the travel books. The author, who visited Istanbul in 1874, described Istanbul, shared his knowledge, ideas, and critics about the Ottoman history in his work. Because Amicis was influenced by his reading and hearing, he created an Ottoman image in his mind, and acted on this image in his narration of the Ottoman history.

This paper traces story of the Conquest of Istanbul and the period of Sultan Mehmed, the Conqueror, by relying on Amicis’ work. Furthermore, we compare and analyze the narrations of the author about four hundred years ago in the context of the sources of the period and the published researches.

Sovyet Hükümetinin Özbekistan SSCB'ndeki Hayvancılık Politikası

Shakhzod AKHMEDOV — 2026-04-30

Tax Justice Perception and Dimensions of Tax Justice Perception

Yasemin YILDIRIMMehmet TUNÇER — 2026-04-30

The concept of justice, which refers to the regulation of rights and obligations according to equality and fairness, has sub-elements according to Wenzel: distributive justice, procedural justice, and criminal justice. These elements are also considered in explaining tax justice. Observing the principle of justice in the collection of taxes, which are important for ensuring public order, social peace, and security, is inevitable. Although there is no universally agreed-upon definition of the concept of justice, which is open to different interpretations based on individual assessments, it is generally evaluated among taxpayers in the context of taxation. There are several major studies in the literature on how tax systems are perceived by taxpayers. These studies show that many factors influence society's perception of taxation. The perception of a tax system as fair in a country also affects the achievement of the targeted tax capacity in that country. Therefore, this study aims to explain tax justice according to Wenzel's classification of justice and to clarify the dimensions of tax justice revealed in empirical studies in the literature. The study's findings highlight the need for fairness in the distribution of tax burdens and tax-related benefits, in the processes related to penalties for tax offenders, and in the treatment of taxpayers in tax transactions. Furthermore, the dimensions of perceived tax justice presented in this pioneering study in the literature appear to have been largely supported by subsequent studies.

British Struggles for Influence in Egypt: The Khedivial Company’s Transfer to The British Flag And The Reactions

Mehtap ÇAĞAŞLILAR — 2026-04-30

This study examines the transformation of the steamship company established in Egypt under a concession granted by the Ottoman sultan, and its subsequent switch to the British flag, within the context of the struggles for influence in the Mediterranean during the 19th century. Egypt’s modernisation efforts in the 19th century enabled European states engaged in the struggle for hegemony in the Mediterranean to institutionalise their influence in the region. Whilst modernising its institutions, Egypt utilised the rights and privileges it had obtained from the Ottoman sultans to pursue autonomy; however, most of the steps it took in this direction gradually rendered Egypt dependent on European powers. Whilst Britain emerged victorious in the competition among European hegemonic powers in Egypt, the substance of Egypt’s autonomous institutions was hollowed out and these institutions were reshaped through British intervention. In this study, the aforementioned process has been examined on the basis of Ottoman and British archival sources, period newspapers and scholarly literature.

İsmet İnönü's Transformation from Military to Diplomatic And His Diplomatic Approaches up to The Second World War

Ümit ŞAHİNRecep ÇELİK — 2026-04-30

During the founding period of the Republic of Türkiye, military maneuvers and diplomatic moves held equal importance. Therefore, it is possible to see that the founding figures of the republic waged a diplomatic struggle alongside the military struggle. Among these figures, İsmet İnönü stands out, having been promoted from a military to a diplomatic role in a remarkably short period. Rapidly finding himself both fighting on the front lines as a soldier and conducting diplomatic negotiations, İnönü was forced to take an active role in an area for which he was completely unprepared. Quickly drawn into critical political processes such as the Lausanne Peace Conference and the Second World War, İnönü struggled to separate his military and diplomatic identities. Looking at his portrait up to the Second World War, it is evident that İnönü, one of the founding figures of the Republic of Türkiye, shaped his political perceptions while maintaining his military identity. This study attempts to address this transition period of İnönü in general terms. The study examines İnönü's perception of diplomacy, his methods of applying diplomacy, his approaches to challenging processes, and the reflections of all these in the literature.