Academic Literature the Journal of Social Sciences Researches, Year 2023 Issue Cilt 1 Sayı 1

Problems About the Boat in The Ottoman Empire in hhe Early 19th Century

Prof. Dr. İlhan EKİNCİ — 2026-07-16

In the face of the Industrial Revolution and the increasing volume of trade, small-scale boat owners
who could not keep up with steam technology continued to exist in different forms. With the
developing steamship transportation in the 19th century, sailboats, boats, and barges undertook
small and intermediate transportation services to cities without port facilities. Organized as a guild,
the structure was not only affected by the changes of the industrial revolution, but also faced pressures
for change from within. In coastal cities, they were subjected to pressures regarding "boatyards
(çekek yeri)", places where small boats and boats are towed ashore for repair or other purposes.
Especially from the last quarter of the 19th century onwards, disputes over the boatyards places
of boats seem to have been the subject of many documents. These problems are generally seen in
the form of preventing boaters from using the boatyards for reasons such as the construction of
buildings, roads, marketplaces, commercial stores, or warehouses, or showing them a location further
away from the city. Such developments point to a new urbanization trend. On the other hand,
the resistance of the boatmen and the solutions offered by the authorities are evaluated among the
problems that arose due to many other reasons such as the law of sandy lands, the protection of
boatmen, the rising values of coastal lands, the rent concerns of the municipalities, the interventions
of the landlords, the watch procedure, the relations between Muslims and non-Muslims, and
the central-local relations.

The Black Sea Region Under Scythian- Sarmatian Political Hegemony

Dr. Said Mübin ÇALIŞ — 2026-07-16

With the existence of many steppe societies in the north of the Black Sea during the Iron Age
draws attention, it is seen that these societies' dominance in this region could only be ended by the
hand of another steppe society that came later. Cimmerians, Scythians and Sarmatians; as a result
of the struggles between each other, steppe societies in the Northern Black Sea region continued
their sovereignty by transferring them to each other without any interruption. Although there is
not enough information in the written sources about the political structure in the Northern Black
Sea during the Cimmerian period, its known that the peace and welfare environment in the Northern
Black Sea region increased extraordinarily during the Scythian period. The Sarmatians could
not structure in a way that would make the peoples of the region happy which they took over from
the Scythians of the Northern Black Sea and they weakened the economic-political stability period
by were led to a policy of complete oppression and assimilation. This study aims to explain the
political role of the steppe societies in and around the Black Sea during the Iron Age, and to evaluate
the infrastructure and results of the political structuring and hegemony established on other
societies in the region.

An Evaluation on the Word “Head” in Yunus Emre’s Poems

Öğr. Gör. Mustafa BÜYÜK — 2026-07-16

Yunus Emre, who is a Turkish Sufi poet, made the greatest contribution to the transformation of
Turkish into a literary language through the words and expressions he used, the meanings and
metaphors he attached to them. However, recent technological advancements have negatively impacted
intergenerational communication, leading to widespread developments that diminish the
usage, alter the meaning, turn into slang, empty out the content, and push words and phrases
towards oblivion, now being expressed solely through symbols. One such word is "baş" (head),
which Yunus Emre skillfully used with various meanings as a noun, adjective, and in different
contexts in his works. Throughout centuries, this word has been extensively used in oral and written
culture, including Göktürk inscriptions, Dîvânu Lugâti’t Türk, Kutadgu Bilig and other masterpieces
of Turkish language and culture. It has been prevalent in diverse fields such as science,
art, culture, language, literature, governance, and sufism, spanning a vast geography over centuries.
Despite its wide usage in Turkish culture, the phrase "başın sağolsun" (may your head be healed)
has a common and distinctive usage solely for expressing condolences, although its meaning remains
largely unknown today.

According to the Levant Herald Newspaper, the Russian- British Competition on Afghanistan

Ebru UYGUN — 2026-07-16

The period 1859-1878 was the period when the Russians and British had the most intense competition
in Turkistan and Central Asia. Many articles were published in the Levant Herald newspaper
in these years, especially since the Russians were in a spreading period in the Turkistan region and
the British were uncomfortably watching the Russian expansionism policy. Levant Herald is a
newspaper that reflects British policy. The newspaper, first published in English, continued to
publish in English since 1859. The newspaper published in Istanbul on a weekly basis contained
detailed articles on the events of that period. During the 19th centruy, Russian- British competition
was intensely experienced on a wide geography from Balkans on the Black sea and Mediterranean,
from the Caucasus to İran, Turkestan and the Far East. The most intense and long period region
of this competition was Turkestan. The Turkish States, which played an active role in Turkestan
politics until this century were Hive Hokad and Buhara Khanates. Afghanistan was the last strategic
point to be fully dominant in Central Asia. The fact that the Russians were fully dominant in the
Turkestan khanate brought the competition between Great Britain and Russia to the highest level.
The most intense region of this competition was Afghanistan. Throughout history, the Russia threatened
the security of the road to Turkestan – India. On the other hand the British continued to
threaten the security of Turkestan, over the Afghanistan. This competition has been the subject of
many press and publishing. In the period of 1859-1878 when Russians and British had the most
intense competition on Turkestan and Central Asia, numerous articles were published on this subject
in the Levant Herald. This study has been the subject of the British-Russian rivalry which took
place in Afghanistan in the articles published in the Levant Herald Newspaper

Evaluation on Ottoman-Sweden Relations According to Swedish Ahkam Book no. H. 1243-1331/51-3 (1827-1912)

Doç. Dr. Tuğrul ÖZCAN — 2026-07-16

A comprehensive evaluation of some past events and facts are important. For this reason, the
Ahkâm Registers of Sweden are not only related to the social, culturel and economic past of Turkish
society but also shedding light on the characteristics of global living conditions and that’s
why they should be examined. The Ottoman Empire is one of the pioneer states throughout history
that prominent for establishing justice. With the system it established, the empire granted the
people the right to complaints and the people acted freely in every environment and in any situation
against the state to which it is a subject. Everyone within this system were able to demand
justice by applying to the Supreme Court, which was the peak institution, or to the Sultan, who
was even more superior. In this way, special register books were created for the complaints and
solutions in Supreme Court. After consulting the complaints in the Supreme Court, a copy of the
final decisions were recorded in the register books and thus the register books emerged. We are
able to determine the approach of the alien in the Ottoman Empire to the state and the state to
the alien through the records of Swedish judgment book number 1243-1331/51-3 Ahkâm Registers,
which is the topic of our thesis, with the prio-rity of legal ground, and we can trace the disturbances
in the state system over time.

Book Critisism: “Gümüşhane in the Past”

Öznur ATALAN — 2026-07-16